Optics and Optical Instruments

CHAPTER I-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION "Experiments illustrating reflection at single, double and multiple mirrors" "Principles of periscope, binocular prism, roof edge reflection, pentagonal prism, tetrahedron" Concave and convex mirrors Laws of refraction Critical angle and internal reflection Action of lenses "Ray tracing methods, graphical and trigonometrical" CHAPTER II-FOCAL LENGTH MEASUREMENTS Optical bench "Focal lengths of " thin " positive and negative lenses" Two thin lenses in contact Two thin lenses separated Newton's method "Focal length of " thick " lenses" Magnification method Foco-collimator Collimator Nodal slide method CHAPTER III-THE EYE General description with named parts and optical data Schematic eye Emmetropia and ametropia Correction of myopia and hypermetropia Working model of human eye Resolving power of eye Visual acuity limits Tests and theoretical explanations CHAPTER IV-THE TELESCOPE "Model telescopes, astronomical and Galilean types" Measurement of magnification and angular field of view Entrance and exit pupils "Models of Huygenian, Ramsden and four-lens terrestrial eyepieces" Types of object glass and eyepieces used commerically "Tests on telescopes for definition, squaring-on, strain, stray light" "Resolving power, theory and practical tests" Necessary power of eyepiece Binocular telescopic instruments Angular accommodation Appartus for adjusting binocular telescopes Wide field of view sighting telescopes Variable power telescopes CHAPTER V-THE MICROSCOPE Hand magnifiers "Compound microscope, optical bench models and modern instruments" Correct setting up of the microscope Numerical aperture Apertometers "Resolving power, theory and practical testing" Necessary magnification to employ Photo-micrography Opaque objects Ultra-violet microscopy at various wavelengths Reflection microscopes Electron microscope CHAPTER VI-PHOTOGRAPHIC LENSES Aberrations Principles for reducing coma and astigmatism "Optical bench models illustrating definition performance for meniscus, symmetrical and anastigmat types of photographic lenses" Theory with numerical examples illustrating the advantages of various types of glass Measurement of astigmatic fields Telephoto lenses Complete tests on photographic lenses "Resolving power, theory and practical tests" "Depth of focus, image space and object space" Schmidt camera CHAPTER VII-OPTICAL PROJECTION SYSTEMS Measurement of solid angle "Intrinsic brightness, transmission factors, intensity of illumination on projection screens" Sources of light for projection purposes Projection of transparencies Loss of light in projection systems Projection of opaque objects "Searchlights, signaling lamps, headlights" Projection in engineering practice Physical experiments Microprojection "Lighthouse projection systems, marine lanterns, railway signal lamps" CHAPTER VIII-OPTICAL GLASS: ITS WORKING AND TESTING Advantages of a variety in optical glasses Production of optical glass Annealing Strain Homogeneity Optical constants Refractometry "Glass working, principles of grinding and polishing processes" Abrasives "Edging, radius of curvature measurements, mechanical and optical" "Test plates, flat and curved" Methods of producing test plates "Angle measurement, goniometer, auto-collimator, naked eye tests" Non-reflecting films on glass APPENDIX Cleaning of glass surfaces Breath figures Balsaming Viscometer for pitch and balsam Silvering Photographic items Graticules Developers Webs Collodion films Waxes and cements Sources of light INDEX