Learning Over Time

Based on experiences with long-duration operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, the United States Army recognizes the need for commanders and their staffs to have new tools and ways of thinking to deal with complex problems. The specific approach the Army is advocating, as outlined in the capstone Field Manual FM 3-0, Operations and the soon-to-be released FM 5-0, The Operations Process (FINAL APPROVED DRAFT), is design. However, design solutions take time to build and implement (frame-test-reframe), while leaders at all levels are often under incredible pressure to act quickly. Additionally commanders and staffs are increasingly confused as to where design fits within the planning continuum. This monograph proposes that design provides commanders with an exceptional tool for military problem-solving, if focused and applied correctly. This means applying a design process as more than just a 'better way'; to do mission analysis or a methodology for developing situational understanding. In short, a design approach, applied as a methodology that emphasizes a deliberate learning process to build understanding over time, instead of a process of in-depth analysis in support of decision-making, enables commanders to simultaneously prepare for the direction of immediate actions and begin the more time-intensive techniques required for problem-management. Using design properly provides a meta-process that supports military planning by defining and continually re-defining problems so that military staffs can build better plans. This research argues that four critical factors, or 'starting blocks,'; help characterize a design approach as emphasizing learning over analysis. A broad review of design theory suggests that four techniques - rapid prototyping, generative analysis, use of experts, and deliberate limitation of scope -- are particularly useful. Since a commander's dilemma of action versus analysis is most acute at the outset of an operation, these concepts would necessari

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.

This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.

As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.