Games Directors Play

For more than a century, directors have shaped and subverted audience expectations, presenting films that draw viewers into a process of anticipation, deduction, and interpretation. Critics have noted these techniques, but this book treats them as what they really are--games that have existed since the genesis of cinema. These director strategies challenge viewers to think more closely about what they see. These include filmmakers embedding allusions that provide clues about plot or character, showing mise-en-scenes full of subtle hints, disrupting the plot's chronology, creating breaks in the narrative, and using symbols to encourage audience interpretation. They also reference other films, hide "e;Easter eggs,"e; and sometimes signal unreliability in what they present to viewers. By treating such strategies as deliberate forms of viewer engagement, this study examines how directors establish active and dynamic relationships with their audiences, which play a significant role in world cinema.